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    2009中考英語構(gòu)詞法匯總及練習(xí)

    一.概念

      英語的構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法,轉(zhuǎn)化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和詞首字母縮略法.

    二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講

    1.轉(zhuǎn)化法

      英語中,有的名詞可作動詞,有的形容詞可作副詞或動詞,這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。

      1)動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

      很多動詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,大多意思沒有多大的變化(如下①);有時(shí)意思有一定變化(如下②);有的與一個(gè)動詞和不定冠詞構(gòu)成短語,表示一個(gè)動作(如下③)。例如:

     、貺et's go out for a walk.我們到外面去散散步吧。

     、贖e is a man of strong build.他是一個(gè)體格健壯的漢子。

     、跮et's have a swim.咱們游泳吧。

      2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞

      很多表示物件(如下①)、身體部位(如下②)、某類人(如下③)的名詞可以用作動詞來表示動作,某些抽象名詞(如下④)也可作動詞。例如:

     、貲id you book a seat on the plane?你訂好飛機(jī)座位了嗎?

      ②Please hand me the book.請把那本書遞給我。

      ③She nursed her husband back to health.她看護(hù)丈夫,使他恢復(fù)了健康。

     、躓e lunched together.我們在一起吃了午餐。

      3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞

      有少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞。例如:

      We will try our best to better our living conditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。

      4)副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞

      有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞。例如:

      Murder will out.(諺語)惡事終必將敗露。

      5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

      表示顏色的形容詞?赊D(zhuǎn)化為名詞(如下①);某些形容詞如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等與the連用,表示一類人,作主語時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)(如下②)。例如:

      You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬禮中該穿黑色衣服。

      The old in our village are living a happy life.我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。

    2.派生法

      在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。

      1)前綴

      除少數(shù)前綴外,前綴一般改變單詞的意義,不改變詞性;后綴一般改變詞類,而不引起詞義的變化。

      (1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如:

      appear出現(xiàn)→disappear消失

      correct正確的→incorrect不正確的

      lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)

      stop停下→non-stop不停

      (2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語形容詞), anti- (反對;抵抗), auto- (自動), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如:

      alone單獨(dú)的antigas防毒氣的

      autochart自動圖表

      cooperate合作enjoy使高興

      internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse再用

      subway地鐵telephone電話

      2)后綴

      英語單詞不僅可以通過加前綴構(gòu)成新詞,也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會改變單詞的詞性,構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性;少數(shù)后綴還會改變詞義,變?yōu)榕c原來詞義相反的新詞。

      (1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (從事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (專業(yè)人員),-ment (性質(zhì);狀態(tài)),-ness (性質(zhì);狀態(tài)),-tion(動作;過程)等。例如:

      differ不同于→difference區(qū)別

      write寫→writer作家

      Japan日本→Japanese日本人

      act表演→actress女演員

      mouth口→mouthful一口

      music音樂→musician音樂家

      (2)構(gòu)成動詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容詞之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成為)。例如:

      wide→widen加寬

      beauty→beautify美化

      pure→purify提純

      real→realize意識到

      organ→organize組織

      (3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al,

      -able (有能力的),-(a)n(某國人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某國人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天氣)等。例如:

      nature自然→natural自然的

      reason道理→reasonable有道理的

      America美國→American美國的

      China中國→Chinese中國人的

      gold金子→golden金的

      east東→eastern東方的

      child孩子→childish孩子氣的

      snow雪→snowy雪的

      (4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如:

      angry生氣的→angrily生氣地

      to到→towards朝……,向……

      east東方→eastward向東

      (5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen (十幾),-ty (幾十),-th (構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如:

      six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六

      four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十

    3.合成法

      1)合成名詞

      構(gòu)成方式例詞

      名詞+名詞weekend周末

      名詞+動詞daybreak黎明

      名詞+動名詞handwriting書法

      名詞+及物動詞+er/or pain-killer止痛藥

      名詞+介詞+名詞editor-in-chief總編輯

      代詞+名詞she-wolf母狼

      動詞+名詞typewriter打字機(jī)

      動名詞+名詞reading-room閱覽室

      現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞flying-fish飛魚

      形容詞+名詞gentleman紳士

      副詞+動詞outbreak爆發(fā)

      介詞+名詞afternoon下午

      2)合成形容詞

      名詞+形容詞snow-white雪白的

      名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking講英語的

      名詞+to+名詞face-to-face面對面的

      名詞+過去分詞man-made人造的

      數(shù)詞+名詞one-way單行的

      數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞two-year-old兩歲的

      數(shù)詞+名詞+ed five-storeyed五層的

      動詞+副詞see-through透明的

      形容詞+名詞high-class高級的

      形容詞+名詞+ed noble-minded高尚的

      形容詞+形容詞light-blue淺藍(lán)色的

      形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking相貌好看的

      副詞+形容詞ever-green常青的

      副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤勞的

      副詞+過去分詞well-known著名的

      副詞+名詞fast-food專門提供快餐服務(wù)的

      介詞+名詞downhill下坡的

      3)合成動詞

      名詞+動詞sleep-walk夢游

      形容詞+動詞white-wash粉刷

      副詞+動詞overthrow推翻

      4)合成副詞

      形容詞+名詞hotfoot匆忙地

      形容詞+副詞everywhere到處

      副詞+副詞however盡管如此

      介詞+名詞beforehand事先

      介詞+副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)

      5)合成代詞

      代詞賓格+self herself她自己

      物主代詞+self myself我自己

      形容詞+名詞anything任何東西

      6)合成介詞

      副詞+名詞inside在……里面

      介詞+副詞within在……之內(nèi)

      副詞+介詞into進(jìn)入

    4.截短法(縮略法)

      截短法,即將單詞縮寫,詞義和詞性保持不變,主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。

      1)截頭

      telephone→phone

      aeroplane→plane

      omnibus→bus

      2)去尾

      mathematics→maths

      co-operate→co-op

      examination→exam

      kilogram→kilo

      laboratory→lab

      taxicab→taxi

      3)截頭去尾

      influenza→flu

      refrigerator→fridge

      prescription→script

    5.混合法(混成法)

      混合法,即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體;前半部分表示屬性。

      news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播

      television broadcast→telecast電視播送

      smoke and fog→smog煙霧

      helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場

    6.首尾字母縮略法

      首尾字母縮略法,即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式,即各字母分別讀音;作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。

      very important person→VIP (讀字母音)要人;大人物

      television→TV (讀字母音)電視

      Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福

      Nato

    三.鞏固練習(xí)

      1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.

      A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness

      2.The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.

      A.die B.dead C.died D.death

      3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.

      A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad

      4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.

      A.chemistry B.chemical

      C.chemist D.physician

      5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.

      A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged

      6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.

      A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership

      7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked________about at his classmates.

      A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely

      8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.

      A.satisfied B.satisfactory

      C.satisfying D.satisfaction

      9.―What are you doing here?

      ―Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.

      ―You can write________passage in English?

      A.600 words;a 600-words 

      B.600-word;a 600-words

      C.600 words;a 600-word 

      D.600 words;a 600-words

      10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.

      A.permit B.permission

      C.permitting D.permittence

      11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.

      A.headquarters B.headline

      C.headmaster D.headache

      12.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________.

      A.intend B.intention

      C.intentionally D.intentional

      13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.

      A.practice B.practise

      C.practical D.practiced

      14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.

      A.judger B.judgment

      C.judge D.judgement

      15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?

      A.lately B.latest

      C.later D.latter

      16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.

      A.longer B.length

      C.long D.longing

      17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.

      A.joy B.joyful

      C.joyless D.joyness

      18.Canada is mainly an________country.

      A.English-speaking B.speak-English

      C.spoken-English D.English-spoken

      19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.

      A.foolish;foolishly;fool

      B.fool;foolish;fool

      C.foolish;fool;fool

      D.foolishly;foolish;fool

      20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.

      A.valuable B.value

      C.valueless D.unvaluable

      21.There were________fish in the river in South America.

      A.in danger B.danger

      C.dangerous D.dangerless

      22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.

      A.sound B.silent

      C.silence D.sounded

      23.The child looked at me________.

      A.stranger B.strangely

      C.strange D.strangeless

      24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.

      A.free B.freely

      C.freedom D.frees

      25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.

      A.reasonable B.reasonful

      C.reasonless D.unreason

      26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.

      A.advance B.advancing

      C.advantage D.advanced

      27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.

      A.nearby B.near

      C.nearly D.near by

      28.Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.

      A.official;officer;office

      B.officer;office;official

      C.official;official;official

      D.officer;official;office

      29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.

      A.health B.healthy

      C.healthily D.healthier

    30.________ speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose.

     A.Honestly B.Honest C.Honesty D.Dishonest

     


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